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Finnish grammar

2. KPT change

2.1 Regular KPT change

  • Introduction

  • 1. Vowel harmony
  • 1.1 Vowel harmony

  • 2. KPT change
  • 2.1 Regular KPT change

  • 2.2 Reverse KPT change

  • 3. Cases
  • 3.1 Nominative / T-plural

  • 3.2 Genitive

  • 3.3 Partitive

  • 3.4 Locative cases – Missä? Mistä? Mihin?

  • 3.5 Use of locative cases

  • 3.6 Essive (-na/-nä) vs. translative (-ksi)

  • 4. Object
  • 4.1 Object formation and use

  • 5. Word types
  • 5.1 Word types ending in vowels

  • 5.2 Word types ending in consonants

  • 6. Verbs
  • 6.1 Personal conjugation of verbs

  • 6.2 Verb types

  • 6.3 Rection

  • 6.4 Verb + verb

  • 6.5 Past simple tense

  • 7. Plural partitive
  • 7.1 Use and formation of plural partitive

  • 8. Pronouns
  • 8.1 Personal pronouns

  • 8.2 Demonstrative pronouns

  • 9. Sentence types
  • 9.1 Sentence types

  • 10. Spoken language
  • 10.1 Vowel and consonant changes

  • 10.2 Verbs in spoken language

  • 10.3 Me passive

  • Introduction

  • 1. Vowel harmony

  • 1.1 Vowel harmony

  • 2. KPT change

  • 2.1 Regular KPT change

  • 2.2 Reverse KPT change

  • 3. Cases

  • 3.1 Nominative / T-plural

  • 3.2 Genitive

  • 3.3 Partitive

  • 3.4 Locative cases – Missä? Mistä? Mihin?

  • 3.5 Use of locative cases

  • 3.6 Essive (-na/-nä) vs. translative (-ksi)

  • 4. Object

  • 4.1 Object formation and use

  • 5. Word types

  • 5.1 Word types ending in vowels

  • 5.2 Word types ending in consonants

  • 6. Verbs

  • 6.1 Personal conjugation of verbs

  • 6.2 Verb types

  • 6.3 Rection

  • 6.4 Verb + verb

  • 6.5 Past simple tense

  • 7. Plural partitive

  • 7.1 Use and formation of plural partitive

  • 8. Pronouns

  • 8.1 Personal pronouns

  • 8.2 Demonstrative pronouns

  • 9. Sentence types

  • 9.1 Sentence types

  • 10. Spoken language

  • 10.1 Vowel and consonant changes

  • 10.2 Verbs in spoken language

  • 10.3 Me passive

In Finnish, there is a phenomenon called consonant gradation (astevaihtelu): when an ending is added to a word, the word stem may change. All the changes involve the consonants k, p, and t, which is why this is also called the KPT rule or KPT change. Consonant gradation can occur in nouns, adjectives, and also verbs, especially in verb type 1. Below are some of the most common KPT change pairs.

ChangeExample nounExample verb
kk → kapteekki → Käyn apteekissa.nukkua → minä nukun
pp → pEurooppa → Se on Euroopassa.tappaa → minä tapan
tt → tkuitti → Haluatko kuitin?kirjoittaa → minä kirjoitan
k → –ruoka → Pidän aasialaisesta ruoasta.lukea → minä luen
p → vhalpa → Halvat vaatteet menivät rikki.leipoa → minä leivon
t → dpöytä → Pöydällä on karkkeja.löytää → minä löydän
nk → ngHelsinki → Asun Helsingissä.tunkea → minä tungen
nt → nnasunto → Asunnossa on kylmä.antaa → minä annan
lt → llilta → Nähdään illalla!sukeltaa → sukellan
rt → rrparta → Mies ajoi parran.ymmärtää → minä ymmärrän
mp → mmrumpu → Ostimme uudet rummut.ampua → minä ammun

KPT change only affects the last syllable of the word, if it contains KPT consonants. The KPT change does not occur:

  1. in some new words, slang words, or loanwords, e.g. auto → autossa, muki → mukissa;
  2. in consonant clusters sk/ks, st/ts, tk, hk, e.g. lasku – laskussa, maksaa → minä maksan;
  3. when the word ends in two vowels, e.g. keittiö → keittiössä, Slovakia – Slovakiassa;
  4. in partitive, S-mihin-form and when the ending -na/-nä is added, e.g. viikonloppuna, Helsinkiin
  5. in the hän and he forms of verbs, e.g. hän lukee, he lukevat
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Beginning 2.2 Reverse KPT change
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