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Finnish grammar

1. Vowel harmony

1.1 Vowel harmony

  • Introduction

  • 1. Vowel harmony
  • 1.1 Vowel harmony

  • 2. KPT change
  • 2.1 Regular KPT change

  • 2.2 Reverse KPT change

  • 3. Cases
  • 3.1 Nominative / T-plural

  • 3.2 Genitive

  • 3.3 Partitive

  • 3.4 Locative cases – Missä? Mistä? Mihin?

  • 3.5 Use of locative cases

  • 3.6 Essive (-na/-nä) vs. translative (-ksi)

  • 4. Object
  • 4.1 Object formation and use

  • 5. Word types
  • 5.1 Word types ending in vowels

  • 5.2 Word types ending in consonants

  • 6. Verbs
  • 6.1 Personal conjugation of verbs

  • 6.2 Verb types

  • 6.3 Rection

  • 6.4 Verb + verb

  • 6.5 Past simple tense

  • 7. Plural partitive
  • 7.1 Use and formation of plural partitive

  • 8. Pronouns
  • 8.1 Personal pronouns

  • 8.2 Demonstrative pronouns

  • 9. Sentence types
  • 9.1 Sentence types

  • 10. Spoken language
  • 10.1 Vowel and consonant changes

  • 10.2 Verbs in spoken language

  • 10.3 Me passive

  • Introduction

  • 1. Vowel harmony

  • 1.1 Vowel harmony

  • 2. KPT change

  • 2.1 Regular KPT change

  • 2.2 Reverse KPT change

  • 3. Cases

  • 3.1 Nominative / T-plural

  • 3.2 Genitive

  • 3.3 Partitive

  • 3.4 Locative cases – Missä? Mistä? Mihin?

  • 3.5 Use of locative cases

  • 3.6 Essive (-na/-nä) vs. translative (-ksi)

  • 4. Object

  • 4.1 Object formation and use

  • 5. Word types

  • 5.1 Word types ending in vowels

  • 5.2 Word types ending in consonants

  • 6. Verbs

  • 6.1 Personal conjugation of verbs

  • 6.2 Verb types

  • 6.3 Rection

  • 6.4 Verb + verb

  • 6.5 Past simple tense

  • 7. Plural partitive

  • 7.1 Use and formation of plural partitive

  • 8. Pronouns

  • 8.1 Personal pronouns

  • 8.2 Demonstrative pronouns

  • 9. Sentence types

  • 9.1 Sentence types

  • 10. Spoken language

  • 10.1 Vowel and consonant changes

  • 10.2 Verbs in spoken language

  • 10.3 Me passive

The vowels in Finnish are divided into three groups.

The vowels ä, ö and y are called front vowels. They do not usually occur in the same word with back vowels a, o and u. Neutral vowels e and i can occur together with either front or back vowels or by themselves:

Äiti juo kahvia.
Mother drinks coffee.

Isä lukee lehteä.
Father reads a newspaper.

All these vowel groups can occur together in compound words:

Pikkutyttö juo kevytmaitoa.
The little girl drinks semi-skimmed milk.

 

Due to vowel harmony, there are two variants of most endings:

Äiti ei nukkunut hyvin.
Mother didn’t sleep well.

Hän ei herännyt herätyskelloon.
She didn’t wake up with the alarm.

He asuvat pienessä talossa Vantaalla.
They live in a small house in Vantaa.

He käyvät töissä Helsingissä.
They go to work in Helsinki.

 

If a word contains a, o or u, you choose an ending with a, o or u:

nukku + nut
(didn’t) sleep

asu + vat
they live

talo + ssa
in a house

Vantaa + lla
in Vantaa

 

If a word contains ä, ö or y, or only neutral vowels e and i, you choose an ending with ä, ö or y:

herä + nnyt
(didn’t) wake up

käy + vät
they go

töi + ssä
to (at) work

Helsingi + ssä
in Helsinki

piene + ssä
inside something small

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Beginning 2. KPT change
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